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Problem 7

Posted 04/03/2015 and updated 04/07/2015
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This problem is proposed by Sinan Aksoy. If you want to submit your problem, please click here.

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A directed graph is strongly connected if it is possible to reach any vertex starting from any other vertex.

A directed graph is called aperiodic if the greatest common divisor of the lengths of its cycles is one.

`a(n)` is the number of strongly connected aperiodic graphs of `n` vertice up to isomorphism. In this problem, graphs are simple graphs, that is, no loops or multiple edges are allowed.



For example, it is easy to see `G_1`, `G_2` and `G_3` are strongly connected. `G_1` has cycles of length `\{2,3\}`, `G_2` has cycles of length `\{2,2,3\}` and `G_3` has cycles of length `\{2,4\}`. Therefore, `G_1` and `G_2` are aperiodic while `G_3` is periodic.

Find `a(n)`.



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Updated 04/07/2015 and the remark is added by Sinan Aksoy

Directed graphs that are both strongly connected and aperiodic are important in the study of Markov chains since random walks on such graphs are guaranteed to converge to a unique stationary distribution. The number of unlabeled (i.e. non-isomoprhic) strongly connected directed graphs on `n` vertices is already known (OEIS A035512)





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